Aug 26, 2013. 9 of which can be accessed free: cites 82 articles. This article. Side effects on wildlife, particularly at higher levels of biological organization: populations, communities, and. Www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 341 16 AUGUST 2013. 759 on August 26, 2013 www.sciencemag.org. Downloaded from.

This mini-review attempts to follow the evolution behind marine mammal toxicology until now, highlight some of the research that has been done and suggest opportunities for future research. This Special Issue will showcase new developments in marine mammal toxicology, approaches for exposure-effect research in risk. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline organochlorine known for its insecticidal properties and. Adobe Cc 2015 Keygen Win.

• 1.4k Downloads • Abstract It is widely recognized that marine mammals are exposed to a wide variety of pollutants, with a weight of evidence indicating impacts on their health. Since hundreds of new chemicals enter the global market every year, the methods, approaches and technologies used to characterize pollution levels or impacts are also in a constant state of flux. However, legal and ethical constraints often limit the type and extent of toxicological research being carried out in marine mammals. Nevertheless, new and emerging in vivo, in vitro as well as in silico research opportunities abound in the field of marine mammal toxicology. In the application of findings to population-, species-, or habitat-related risk assessments, the identification of causal relationships which inform source apportionment is important. This, in turn, is informed by a comprehensive understanding of contaminant classes, profiles and fate over space and time.

Such considerations figure prominently in the design and interpretation of marine mammal (eco)toxicology research. This mini-review attempts to follow the evolution behind marine mammal toxicology until now, highlight some of the research that has been done and suggest opportunities for future research. Fender Japan Serial Numbers Jd. This Special Issue will showcase new developments in marine mammal toxicology, approaches for exposure-effect research in risk assessment as well as future opportunities. Toxicology of marine mammals is a relatively small, but indispensable topic within the area of marine mammal sciences. It is a topic that has gained interest over the years due to the increased awareness of the toxic effects of pollutants in several organisms and the usually elevated levels of pollutants detected in marine mammal species (e.g.

Tanabe et al.; Ross; Aguilar et al.; Houde et al.; Law et al. Despite being in contaminated habitats, marine mammals get the bulk of their body burdens through their diet rather than directly from their environment (Gray ). It is because of their top position in the trophic chain, the biomagnification process and the persistence of several pollutants, that marine mammals can accumulate high levels of pollutants. For biologists, marine mammal toxicology might be a highly theoretical and complex topic that sometimes seemingly abandons all connections with conservation and management. The ultimate goal in marine mammal toxicology, however, is to find minimally invasive and non-destructive tools or approaches that help to understand the causal link between pollution and its effects in marine mammals in order to (1) assess the past and current situation in terms of toxicology for marine mammals and to use that to (2) inform legislation for providing a healthier environment for these animals. This is a goal that will be valid for years and possibly decades to come and that fits seamlessly within any effort for conservation and management. Since hundreds of new chemicals enter the global market every year, the methods, approaches and technologies used to characterize pollution levels or impacts are generally also in a constant state of flux.